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• 1 2024-04-24T20:34:39+00:00 Spiritual and Psychological Medicine 12 [enter indiIn our modern day and age, scientists have created artificial medications that help treat a variety of diseases, ranging from the common cold to lethal diagnoses. However, few herbal remedies such as melatonin or tea remain. For centuries, people have found that the grinding of herbs and natural organisms that grow from the ground were used to heal numerous ailments. One particular organism that's medicinal usage was popular in Mexicana culture was the Nahuatle term teonanacatl, more commonly known today as psychedelic mushrooms. Frequently displayed throughout the Florentine Codex, they are a fascinating organism to examine with their traditional usages. vidual page abstract here] plain 2024-05-04T21:30:15+00:00 In numerous indigenous manuscripts, the importance of herbal medicine is continuously highlhted as something that played an important role in Mexica history. Herbal medicine consists of therapeutic products and tools made from the grinding of leaves, seeds, flowers, roots, or extractions of other plants overall. Since their development, they have been used as vital forms of treatment for various disases before the creation of modern medicine. Their use is still prevelent today, with modern populations continuing to incorpotae medicinal plants into forms of healthcare (Valdivia-Correa et al., 2016). In modern times all the way back to its founding in the early sixteenth century, herbal medicines signfiinace. One particular form of herbal medicine that Mexico is known for is that of hallucinoegenic mushrooms, providing both medicinal and psychedelic purposes that are continuously presented to viewers in Mexica Codicies. 
  In this image derived from the Digital Florentine Codex, we are presented with the teonanacatl plant, a term that is defined both as “little mushrooms” and “flesh of the gods” (Guzmán, 2008), lying atop a hill. Its artistic framework appears easily approachable, with little yellow buds, lush greenery alongside the river, and soft painterly display. It may appear as a harmless plant, however they have the power to alter your visions and cognitive state. These mushrooms can grow in hay, fields, or on the plains as displayed. As described in the Spanish-English translation of the Florentine Codex, these mushrooms alter people's visions to range from frightful to funny, and create feelings of high anxiety in their heart. While these are the psychedelic symptoms of teonanacatl, its traditional medicinal purpose was to treat those with fevers and gout. What is interesting to unpack, is the Spanish vs Nahuatl English translation of their significance. Both descriptions explain how they are used to treat fevers and gout, however the Nahuatl translation further explains the hallucinagenic effects, explaining that it makes one feel troubled, deranged, and depressed. It goes on to say that more symptoms include hurling yourself off a cliff, screaming in fear, and taking fright. Given that this is the Nahuatl translation for this particular strain of mushrooms, it suggests that these descriptions are a more accurate representation of the psychological effects teonanacatl had on those who took them, having heavier mental symptoms rather than physical and medicinal ones. 
  
  With 53 hallcinagentic species of teonanacatl noted in Mexico, it is considered to be one of the most important and diverse organisms that is considered to be sacred in the indigenous cultures. Researchers and historians continue to remain unsure on the details, but have hyposthesized that there are particular ceremonial-used teonanacatl, showing that they served a variety of purposes (Guzmán, 2008). Several indigenous groups have been revealed practinging the ceremonial and medicinal pratice of mushroomsms in Mexico, including the Nahuatls, the Matlazincs, and the Totonacs. 
  
  
  
  In this set of images from the Digital Florentine Codex, viewers are presented with different strains of teonanacatl mushrooms and their purposes. The upper-left image depicts the classic mushroom, used to treat fevers through eating or drinking it, and grounded and rubbed on to treat gout or swollen flesh, taking away the pain. The Nauhtl-English translation does not explain the significance of the human-like bird dancing atop the mushrooms, disproportional in size. This suggests that artists might have been giving the viewers an idea of what visions you may see if you took the psychedelic organism. As described in other texts in the Codex, visions might be funny or not make sense, as displayed in this image. The upper-right image depicts how humans engaged with teonanacatl to assist them how they saw fit. The image depicts a man figure who appears to have cut off the tops of the teonanacatl and has taken its supplements to drink. Given his dark colored eyes and slumped appearance, it suggests he is suffering from a fever and using teonanacatl or as described in thai section of the Codex as peyote for its medincal purposes. The lower-left image shows the toloatzin strain of mushroom, described and depicted as tall and blossoms with upward facing foliage. All of these images combined show not only the visual structure and usage of teonanacatl, but also relationship between the psychedelic and medicinal usages they provide. 
  
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