Significant Figures
Carlos Juan Finlay, M.D. (1833-1915) – Cuban physician and epidemiologist Carlos Finlay made pioneering discoveries about yellow fever transmission. Born in Camagüey, Cuba, Finlay studied medicine in France, Germany, and the United States, earning his M.D. in 1855. Settling in Havana, he built a medical practice and researched tropical diseases. Finlay hypothesized that yellow fever requires an intermediate agent for transmission between individuals. After meticulous study, he identified the Aedes aegypti mosquito as the disease vector in 1881. Despite initial skepticism, Finlay persisted in his research, publishing extensively. He conducted mosquito-bite inoculation experiments on volunteers to prove his theory. In 1900, the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission confirmed Finlay’s breakthrough findings and the implementation of mosquito control measures he recommended eliminated yellow fever in Havana. Finlay received international acclaim for this pioneering work identifying an insect vector. Though nominated, he was controversially denied the Nobel Prize. Finlay profoundly impacted tropical medicine and public health through his visionary research, clinical dedication, and advocacy of preventive strategies against insect-borne illness.
Del Regato JA. Carlos Juan Finlay (1833-1915). Journal of Public Health Policy. 2001;22(1):98-104.
José Celso Barbosa, M.D. (1857-1921) - Puerto Rican physician and political leader José Celso Barbosa made significant contributions to public health and education in Puerto Rico. Born in Bayamón, Barbosa excelled in medicine at the University of Michigan. Returning home, he implemented innovative treatments during a smallpox epidemic and taught science courses. Seeking greater self-governance for Puerto Rico, Barbosa co-founded the Autonomist Party under Spanish rule in 1887. After the U.S. takeover in 1898, he established the Republican Party in 1899, advocating statehood. He promoted bilingual education and public health reforms while serving in several governmental roles. Barbosa left a legacy as a doctor and educator who worked to advance public welfare on the island.
DeStaphano MT. José Celso Barbosa. Salem Press Biographical Encyclopedia. 2022.
Severo Ochoa, M.D. (1905-1993) – Spanish-American biochemist Severo Ochoa made groundbreaking discoveries central to deciphering the genetic code. Born in Spain, Ochoa developed an early interest in medicine inspired by 1906 Nobel laureate Santiago Ramón y Cajal. After medical school at the University of Madrid, Ochoa researched muscle metabolism across Europe in the 1930s. Emigrating to the United States in 1940 due to the Spanish Civil War, he joined New York University in 1942. Ochoa discovered the enzyme polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNP) in 1955 together with Marianne Grunberg-Manago. PNP allowed the synthesis of messenger RNA strands needed to crack the genetic code. For this pivotal work, Ochoa shared the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine with biochemist Arthur Kornberg. Ochoa published over 200 papers across a career spanning muscle biochemistry, RNA synthesis, and protein translation. His fundamental discoveries on genetic coding remain among the most significant achievements in modern biology.
Vigue CL. Severo Ochoa. Salem Press Biographical Encyclopedia. 2023.
Helen Rodriguez-Trias, M.D. (1929-2002) - Puerto Rican pediatrician and women's health pioneer Helen Rodriguez-Trias worked to improve healthcare access for marginalized and underserved communities. Born in New York City but raised in Puerto Rico through age 10, Rodriguez-Trias confronted barriers as a Latina student before earning her M.D. in 1960. As a doctor in Puerto Rico and New York, she witnessed stark inequities in women's reproductive healthcare. Rodriguez-Trias advanced the women's health movement by co-founding the Committee to End Sterilization Abuse which exposed coercive sterilization of marginalized women. She advanced reproductive justice and healthcare equity as the first Latina president of the American Public Health Association. Rodriguez-Trias brought visibility to AIDS through her role as New York State's first AIDS director. President Clinton awarded her the Presidential Citizens Medal for a lifetime fighting for healthcare justice. She leaves a legacy as a doctor and advocate who championed women, communities of color, and the underserved.
Wilcox J. The face of women’s health: Helen Rodriguez-Trias. American Journal of Public Health. 2002;92(4):566-569.
Antonia Novello, M.D. (1944- ) – Antonia Novello, M.D., was the first Hispanic and first woman to serve as United States surgeon general. In this groundbreaking role, Novello implemented policies to decrease the incidence of pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). She also worked to eliminate healthcare disparities, particularly in the Latinx community. Born in Fajardo, Puerto Rico, in 1944, Novello overcame significant health challenges early in life. Medical treatments she received as a child inspired Novello's medical career and instilled an empathy for patients. In 1990, Novello made history when she was appointed as the fourteenth surgeon general of the United States by President George H. W. Bush. As the nation's top doctor, she leveraged her position to raise awareness about maternal transmission of AIDS to infants, and she took steps to curb underage drinking and youth tobacco. Novello also created a workshop that led to the National Hispanic/Latino Health Initiative. Novello's tenure as America's top doctor opened doors for improved advocacy on behalf of marginalized groups within federal health leadership.
Berman, JO. Antonia Novello. Salem Press Biographical Encyclopedia. 2022.
Nora Volkow, M.D. (1956- ) - Neuroscientist Nora Volkow pioneered the application of brain imaging to study drug addiction as Director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Born in Mexico, Volkow earned her medical degree from the National University of Mexico, where she was inspired to understand how drugs alter human behavior. She conducted groundbreaking research on addiction using positron emission tomography at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Brookhaven National Laboratory. Volkow held leadership roles at Brookhaven, including Director of Nuclear Medicine, Chair of the Medical Department, and Associate Director for Life Sciences. She also served as Professor of Psychiatry at SUNY-Stony Brook School of Medicine. Appointed NIDA Director in 2003, Volkow has published over 730 peer-reviewed papers on addiction neurobiology. She provides mentorship emphasizing perseverance and self-confidence in young scientists, especially women. Volkow has significantly advanced understanding of human addiction through her innovative research applying imaging technologies. Her leadership of NIDA continues to drive scientific solutions to the opioid epidemic and other substance use disorders.
Helmreich DL. Profiles of women in science: Nora Volkow, Director of the National Institute of Drug Abuse, Bethesda MD. European Journal of Neuroscience. 2018;48(10):3113-3116.
