This page has tags:

1. 1 2024-05-01T21:39:44+00:00 Christopher Gilman 1985b99a2acd541caa12a10c3ebf6896565283ab Media Gallery Christopher Gilman 1 plain 2024-05-01T21:39:44+00:00 Christopher Gilman 1985b99a2acd541caa12a10c3ebf6896565283ab

This page is referenced by:

• 1 2024-04-24T20:35:17+00:00 Citlalin: A Guiding Nahua Force 33 Stars were all powerful celestial objects that guided how Nahua lived. They acted as signs foreshadowing events. Their movements were measured to determine what activities and rituals to perform for the day. Stars also played an integral part with the Nahua gods, making them essential for the Mexica. Many animals and clothing are identified and integrated with a star pattern, revealing the stars' overall importance to Nahua culture. plain 2024-05-02T15:42:30+00:00 Introduction
  
  To round out the concept of astrology is the theme of stars or citlalin, which, like the sun and moon, had prominence in Nahua culture and the people. Today, we see stars as luminous objects that decorate the night sky, with some of us being more interested in astrology as a divination practice. To the Nahua people, the stars influenced much of their everyday life. Through an investigation of the Florentine Codex of both the images and text, stars acted as an omen of the future Spanish arrival, an object of observation that assisted with agriculture, economics, and rituals, and connected to the gods. The Florentine Codex contains other images incorporating stars into the design. This section highlights the stars through the Mexica pictographic perspective by evaluating the following images and referring to the text.
  
  Star Classification 
  
  Book 7 of the Florentine Codex, Astrology, and Natural Philosophy lists the types of stars and their significance to Mexica culture. There is the Fire Drill or Mamalhoaztli, a constellation that, when seen in a specific part of the night sky, would begin the New Fire Ceremony, signifying a new time in Mexica culture (Mexicolore). People would also burn the constellation into their wrists, or else their wrists would be drilled into to make fire when they died (Book 7, Folio 8r). Next is the Morning Star, also known as Venus, which was both a good and bad omen (Book 7, Folio 8r). The Shooting Star or Citlalin tlamina could strike an animal or human, and a worm would appear in the wound (Book 7, Folio 8v). S-shaped stars (Citlalsunecuilli) and Scorpion Stars (Citlalcolotl) look like their description, an S or scorpion (Book 7, Folio 8r). Finally, the Codex mentions comets or citlalin popoca (smoking star).
  
  This image depicts the comet as a white, 8-point star. Surrounding it is an orb of yellow and orange tone, as if the star emanates brightness or heat, drawing attention to it. Smoke billows from the top as if the comet is heading south on the page. The smoke usually means that something is on fire, which everyone knows to be dangerous and can bring problems regarding safety. Interestingly, the accompanying Nahuatl text brings forth the idea of comets being bad omens. Book 7, Folio 8v explains that seeing a comet was a sign of the death of a ruler or the beginning of a war or famine, events that could cause many problems, much of that having to do with safety.
  
  Stars & Omens 
  
  This relationship between stars and omens comes up frequently in the Florentine Codex. Books 8 and 12 describe the omens the Mexica witnessed ten years before the invasion of the Spaniards in Tenochtitlan. Oddly enough, two images from Book 8 (Kings and Lords) and Book 12 (The Conquest of Mexico) document a similar moment.
  The first from Book 8 shows two male subjects. One is wearing colorful regalia and sits on a yellow thatched chair, identifying him as a man in power. Behind him is an object that looks similar, if not the same headdress the subject is wearing. This replication brings attention to this headdress as if it is an identifying feature of this person. The second subject looks to be a commoner based on his simple white clothing. He holds a bird with red eyes and wings outspread in his hand, obviously disturbed. On the crown of the bird’s head is a circular object with a yellow ring on the outside and a clear, transparent inside with a star. Above this object are more stars. The subject is shown with speech scrolls, which are glyphs to show that the subject is talking.
  
  The image from Book 12 is in black and white. There are also two subjects. One wears a headpiece similar to the first image and sits on a chair. The other subject, wearing a similar outfit to the first image, holds a bird in his arms. The man in the headpiece pulls down the bird by its beak, and on top of its head is a circle with a black background and white stars. Both images are strange, meaning the moment was undoubtedly memorable and impactful for the people there.
  
  These two images represent the seventh omen witnessed before the Spanish conquest. Based on the text (Book 8, Folio 12v, and Book 12, Folio 3r), the seventh omen was when Moctezuma was approached by hunters who caught a large bird. Upon examining the bird, the top of its head had a mirror that contained the sky and the Fire Drill constellation. Moctezuma interpreted this as a bad omen, and when he looked at the mirror a second time, he saw bunches of people suited for war, riding on deer. Moctezuma called for the soothsayers and sages to interpret the image, but when they looked, they saw nothing. Interestingly, both images only included two subjects and not those of the soothsayers or sages, meaning that this omen was indeed for Moctezuma to witness by himself. Also, having two images reference the same moment shows how omens and stars are central to the Nahua perception of life.
  
  Sky Watching & God Connections
  
  The following two images depict stars in the background but, through deeper investigation, reveal how watching stars helped with agriculture and provide insight into the gods’ connections to stars. The first image is black-and-white and comes from Book 11 (Earthly Things). A subject facing right sits on a block tending to plant life on a grass hill near a tree. Behind him is water (the image keywords notes of atl, the Nahua glyph for water), another tree, and a sky of stars. The stars are surrounded by a black curved line with shading on either side, making it seem like the stars are appearing behind a mountain ridge. Since most of the details are focused on the setting and less on the subject, the image describes an area of land near the ocean.
  
  Book 11, Folio 231r names this image as the Anahuacatlalli or the coastal lands. Only a little is said textually. However, the Florentine Codex mentions that “it is a land of wealth, of riches,” more specifically, rich in gold and feathers, based on the Spanish translation (Book 11, Folio 231r). The Handbook to Life in the Aztec World mentions how tracking the stars and “sky watching” were standard practices to know what phase of the agricultural cycle they were in and what activities they could perform depending on the season (Aguilar-Moreno 2006, 304). To figure out where a star was in the sky, they would measure its distance from another object, like a temple or a hill (Aguilar-Moreno 2006, 305). With the stars in the images next to a mountain range and the subject tending to plants, one can assume that the night depicted in this image was suitable for harvesting, watering, and other agricultural practices. Since the Codex mentions that the Anahuacaltalli were wealthy places, it can be inferred that many hills were nearby to help the people figure out what type of agriculture or ritual to perform to make the most out of their resources. The concept of sky-watching exhibits the importance of stars in the guidance of everyday Mexica life.
  
  The second image is from Book 3, The Origin of the Gods. In this colored image, a figure is nude with his conical hat with feathers on top, a shield with a wind emblem, and a cane scattered across the scene. He sits in a body of water, holding a bowl to his head as atl glyphs pour out as if the figure is bathing. Behind him is a night sky with seven yellow stars. Identified by his clothing and regalia, this figure is no other than Quetzalcoatl, the wind god. The text reveals that Quetzalcoatl performed his penances by bleeding his calf (Book 3, 10v). After which, he would bathe at midnight at a place called Xippacoyan (Book 3, 10v). This story highlights that gods were also guided by the stars, which most likely influenced the Mexica people to be more observant of the stars. Another note to mention with Quetzalcoatl is the many interpretations of his death and how many believe he was reincarnated as a star, comet, or the Morning Star. Since the gods were influential figures to the Nahua people, it only makes sense that they also saw stars in high regard.
  
  Other gods are associated with the stars that do not have images in the Florentine Codex but are mentioned in the Handbook to Life in the Aztec World. Mixcoatl, or Cloud Serpent, identified with the stars and, more specifically, “the souls of dead warriors that were sacrificed and ascended to the heavens as stars” (Aguilar-Moreno 2006, 149). Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, or the Lord of Dawn, is the personification of the Morning Star, whose rays can damage people, maize, and water (Aguilar-Moreno 2006, 150). Lastly, the Tzitzimimie, or Star-Demon, attacks the sun during an eclipse with female versions known to devour people, bringing great anxiety to the people (Aguilar-Moreno 2006, 151).
  
  Star Designs
  
  Citlalin was such a culturally significant item that the Nahua people identified animals with a star design and incorporated stars into clothing. Here is an image of a Citlalcoatl, a type of snake. It has a blue-gray gradient coat with a combination of scales and stars, coiled with its tongue sticking out. The text describes it as poisonous, and when bitten by the Citlalcoatl, one will either die or improve based on the Morning Star’s appearance in the sky (Book 11, Folio 85v).
  
  Another is the Citlalaxolotl, a type of axolotl. Its image shows the Citlalaxolotl above some water, dawning a brown-gray coat speckled with white dots. The text mentions that it has white spots and a green belly, is slimy and smelly, and lives in damp environments and water (Book 11, 76r). Although the text does not verbally say that it has a starry design, there is an image keyword: ‘“full of stars” (motif, pattern).’ So, one must assume that the pattern of the Citlalaxolotl mimics one of the stars—also, other pictures labeled with the keyword show similar circular patterns on temples. From our class with Lorena Ochoa, one of the pages in the supplied packet about reading pictograms shows that circular glyphs represent stars. It is also interesting to note that temples were one of the objects used to measure stars’ movements.
  
  Regarding stars in clothing, here is an image of Don Martín Tlacateccatl. Like the first image of Moctezuma, he sits on a yellow chair, dressed in a red and white smock decorated with stars, and wears a blue headpiece. Behind him is a head with a red tie around his hair, making it stand to a point. Again, like the Moctezuma example, the head is an identifying sign of the subject. The text mentions that he is the sixth ruler of Tlatilulco, where he ruled during the “great plague and a war” (Book 8, Folio 6v). Nothing is said about the choice behind the star design. However, if a ruler wears an item of clothing with stars, one can assume its importance.
  
  Conclusion
  
  Describing Nahua life without stars is nearly impossible. Specific star types and constellations acted as signs that influenced the ways Nahua people perceived life and the future. Their movements acted as calendars, delegating certain nights for specific tasks. The Nahua people relied on the stars to do something each day with a purpose. The stars were also connected to influential people like the gods, rulers, and natural wildlife, who also influenced the Nahua way of life. Even a specific glyph refers to stars in their pictorial language. By analyzing these pictograms and text, there is no doubt that stars held a special place in the Nahua culture.
• 1 2024-05-01T13:40:55+00:00 Sample Individual Page 13 Make sure to have an abstract or short summary of your page here. #addhashtags plain 2024-05-01T17:07:58+00:00

  Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Nulla malesuada pellentesque elit eget gravida cum sociis natoque penatibus. Quis eleifend quam adipiscing vitae proin sagittis nisl. In nibh mauris cursus mattis. Dignissim suspendisse in est ante in nibh. Enim ut sem viverra aliquet eget. Risus ultricies tristique nulla aliquet. Amet nulla facilisi morbi tempus iaculis urna id. Dolor morbi non arcu risus quis varius quam quisque id. Lacus vestibulum sed arcu non odio euismod. Pulvinar etiam non quam lacus suspendisse. Posuere lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipiscing elit duis. Sit amet mauris commodo quis imperdiet massa tincidunt nunc. Eu lobortis elementum nibh tellus molestie nunc. In fermentum et sollicitudin ac orci phasellus egestas.

  Section Header Format with Heading 3 not Bold

  felis donec et odio pellentesque. Nunc id cursus metus aliquam eleifend mi in nulla posuere. Nulla pellentesque dignissim enim sit. Mauris rhoncus aenean vel elit scelerisque mauris. Tellus molestie nunc non blandit. Faucibus in ornare quam viverra orci sagittis eu volutpat odio. Amet facilisis magna etiam tempor orci eu lobortis. Cursus turpis massa tincidunt dui. Adipiscing elit duis tristique sollicitudin. Feugiat pretium nibh ipsum consequat nisl vel. Lacus suspendisse faucibus interdum posuere. Integer eget aliquet nibh praesent tristique magna sit amet. Massa id neque aliquam vestibulum morbi blandit cursus. Consectetur libero id faucibus nisl tincidunt eget nullam non nisi. Porta nibh venenatis cras sed felis eget velit aliquet sagittis. Non pulvinar neque laoreet suspendisse interdum consectetur. Diam vulputate ut pharetra sit amet. Libero enim sed faucibus turpis in eu.

  Select Wrap Text Around Media and Title And Description for Media

  Libero id faucibus nisl tincidunt eget. Id aliquet risus feugiat in ante metus. Eget nulla facilisi etiam dignissim diam. Adipiscing enim eu turpis egestas. Metus aliquam eleifend mi in nulla posuere sollicitudin. Elit ullamcorper dignissim cras tincidunt. Commodo elit at imperdiet dui. Tristique nulla aliquet enim tortor at auctor urna nunc. Pretium lectus quam id leo in vitae turpis massa. Purus viverra accumsan in nisl nisi scelerisque.

  Sit amet facilisis magna etiam tempor orci eu lobortis elementum. Laoreet sit amet cursus sit amet dictum. Eu nisl nunc mi ipsum faucibus vitae. Molestie nunc non blandit massa enim nec. Platea dictumst quisque sagittis purus sit amet volutpat consequat mauris. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes. Ornare arcu dui vivamus arcu felis bibendum ut. In egestas erat imperdiet sed euismod nisi porta lorem mollis. Nec sagittis aliquam malesuada bibendum arcu. Dis parturient montes nascetur ridiculus mus mauris vitae ultricies. Dolor sit amet consectetur adipiscing elit duis tristique sollicitudin nibh. Aliquet porttitor lacus luctus accumsan. Consectetur adipiscing elit duis tristique sollicitudin. Gravida cum sociis natoque penatibus et. Sagittis eu volutpat odio facilisis mauris sit amet. Nulla porttitor massa id neque aliquam. Habitasse platea dictumst quisque sagittis purus sit amet volutpat consequat. Libero enim sed faucibus turpis in eu mi bibendum. Volutpat odio facilisis mauris sit amet massa.

  Ipsum a arcu cursus vitae congue mauris rhoncus. Eget duis at tellus at urna condimentum. Elit pellentesque habitant morbi tristique. Cursus risus at ultrices mi. Gravida neque convallis a cras semper auctor. Dui vivamus arcu felis bibendum ut tristique et. Vitae sapien pellentesque habitant morbi tristique. Eget arcu dictum varius duis at. Eget gravida cum sociis natoque penatibus. Nulla facilisi etiam dignissim diam.

  Media Titles label and Descriptions describe what's in the Image

  Lacus suspendisse faucibus interdum posuere lorem. Arcu dictum varius duis at consectetur lorem donec massa. Mauris augue neque gravida in fermentum et sollicitudin. Enim ut tellus elementum sagittis vitae et leo duis. Euismod nisi porta lorem mollis. Integer malesuada nunc vel risus commodo viverra maecenas accumsan. Habitasse platea dictumst vestibulum rhoncus est pellentesque elit. Id nibh tortor id aliquet. Ultrices sagittis orci a scelerisque purus semper. Quam vulputate dignissim suspendisse in est ante in. Aliquam ut porttitor leo a. Quis enim lobortis scelerisque fermentum dui faucibus in ornare quam. Vulputate sapien nec sagittis aliquam malesuada bibendum. Mi in nulla posuere sollicitudin aliquam ultrices sagittis orci a. Fringilla urna porttitor rhoncus dolor purus non enim praesent elementum. Amet massa vitae tortor condimentum lacinia quis vel eros donec. Risus ultricies tristique nulla aliquet enim tortor.

  Vitae elementum curabitur vitae nunc sed velit dignissim sodales. Massa sapien faucibus et molestie. Morbi tincidunt augue interdum velit euismod in pellentesque. Sed augue lacus viverra vitae. Eget nullam non nisi est sit amet facilisis magna. Tempor orci eu lobortis elementum nibh. Velit laoreet id donec ultrices tincidunt arcu non sodales. Id leo in vitae turpis massa sed elementum tempus. Quam viverra orci sagittis eu volutpat odio facilisis mauris sit. Aenean euismod elementum nisi quis eleifend quam. Aenean sed adipiscing diam donec adipiscing tristique. Auctor augue mauris augue neque gravida in. Nullam vehicula ipsum a arcu cursus vitae congue. Nec tincidunt praesent semper feugiat nibh sed. At tempor commodo ullamcorper a lacus vestibulum sed arcu non. Tristique risus nec feugiat in fermentum posuere urna. A lacus vestibulum sed arcu non odio euismod. Interdum consectetur libero id faucibus.

  Urna cursus eget nunc scelerisque. Ornare aenean euismod elementum nisi. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipiscing elit ut. Volutpat ac tincidunt vitae semper quis lectus nulla at volutpat. Dapibus ultrices in iaculis nunc. Massa tempor nec feugiat nisl pretium fusce id. Condimentum lacinia quis vel eros donec ac odio tempor orci. Nisl nisi scelerisque eu ultrices vitae. Enim ut tellus elementum sagittis. Turpis nunc eget lorem dolor sed viverra ipsum. In nulla posuere sollicitudin aliquam ultrices sagittis.

  Sed nisi lacus sed viverra tellus. Nam aliquam sem et tortor. Nulla facilisi etiam dignissim diam quis. Quis eleifend quam adipiscing vitae proin sagittis nisl rhoncus mattis. Pulvinar sapien et ligula ullamcorper malesuada proin. Sollicitudin tempor id eu nisl nunc. Morbi leo urna molestie at elementum. Dolor magna eget est lorem ipsum. Duis ultricies lacus sed turpis tincidunt id aliquet risus feugiat. Euismod nisi porta lorem mollis aliquam ut porttitor leo.

  Annotations should have Title (blue linked) and Content (black text) and be complete sentences

  Condimentum lacinia quis vel eros donec ac odio tempor. Euismod lacinia at quis risus. Arcu risus quis varius quam quisque id diam vel. Sapien pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus. Cursus eget nunc scelerisque viverra mauris. Morbi leo urna molestie at.

  Viverra orci sagittis eu volutpat odio facilisis mauris sit amet. Vulputate mi sit amet mauris. Faucibus pulvinar elementum integer enim neque volutpat ac. Enim neque volutpat ac tincidunt vitae semper quis. Nullam ac tortor vitae purus. Cras semper auctor neque vitae tempus quam pellentesque nec. Nulla aliquet porttitor lacus luctus accumsan tortor posuere. Ante in nibh mauris cursus mattis molestie a iaculis at. Morbi tincidunt ornare massa eget egestas purus viverra accumsan. Mi in nulla posuere sollicitudin aliquam ultrices. Bibendum neque egestas congue quisque. Viverra vitae congue eu consequat ac felis donec. Ut venenatis tellus in metus vulputate eu scelerisque felis imperdiet. Dolor morbi non arcu risus.

  Orci nulla pellentesque dignissim enim sit. Suscipit adipiscing bibendum est ultricies integer quis auctor elit. Nunc id cursus metus aliquam eleifend mi in nulla posuere. Mauris nunc congue nisi vitae suscipit tellus mauris a. Interdum varius sit amet mattis. Non quam lacus suspendisse faucibus interdum posuere lorem. Volutpat blandit aliquam etiam erat velit. Nisl condimentum id venenatis a condimentum vitae. Non arcu risus quis varius quam quisque id. Aliquet nibh praesent tristique magna sit amet purus gravida. Elementum nibh tellus molestie nunc. Nullam vehicula ipsum a arcu cursus vitae. In eu mi bibendum neque egestas congue quisque egestas diam. Nullam ac tortor vitae purus. Sed viverra ipsum nunc aliquet bibendum enim facilisis gravida. Augue mauris augue neque gravida in fermentum et. Pellentesque sit amet porttitor eget dolor. Leo vel orci porta non pulvinar. Lacinia at quis risus sed vulputate odio ut enim.

  You can add media to annotations

  Donec adipiscing tristique risus nec. Hendrerit gravida rutrum quisque non tellus orci ac auctor. Nunc scelerisque viverra mauris in aliquam sem fringilla ut. Risus in hendrerit gravida rutrum quisque. Accumsan in nisl nisi scelerisque eu ultrices vitae auctor eu. Nunc congue nisi vitae suscipit tellus mauris a. Felis eget nunc lobortis mattis aliquam. Tempus urna et pharetra pharetra massa massa. Leo in vitae turpis massa. Egestas quis ipsum suspendisse ultrices gravida dictum. Dolor morbi non arcu risus. Aliquam eleifend mi in nulla posuere sollicitudin. Ut enim blandit volutpat maecenas volutpat. Vestibulum mattis ullamcorper velit sed ullamcorper. Vestibulum lectus mauris ultrices eros in. Dapibus ultrices in iaculis nunc sed augue.

  Tempus quam pellentesque nec nam aliquam sem et tortor. Risus quis varius quam quisque id diam vel. Quis imperdiet massa tincidunt nunc pulvinar sapien et ligula. Tortor at risus viverra adipiscing at. Eget nulla facilisi etiam dignissim diam quis enim lobortis scelerisque. Donec ultrices tincidunt arcu non sodales neque. Vestibulum rhoncus est pellentesque elit ullamcorper.

  Turpis in eu mi bibendum neque egestas. Vitae proin sagittis nisl rhoncus mattis rhoncus. In pellentesque massa placerat duis. Quis blandit turpis cursus in hac habitasse. Maecenas accumsan lacus vel facilisis volutpat. Ac feugiat sed lectus vestibulum mattis ullamcorper velit sed ullamcorper. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et. Massa vitae tortor condimentum lacinia quis vel eros donec ac. Sapien pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et. Praesent elementum facilisis leo vel fringilla est ullamcorper. Pellentesque sit amet porttitor eget dolor morbi non arcu risus. Purus viverra accumsan in nisl nisi scelerisque. Bibendum at varius vel pharetra vel. Cursus mattis molestie a iaculis at erat pellentesque adipiscing commodo. Arcu cursus vitae congue mauris rhoncus aenean vel elit. Enim nunc faucibus a pellentesque sit amet porttitor eget dolor. Porta non pulvinar neque laoreet suspendisse interdum.

  Turpis massa sed elementum tempus egestas sed sed. Sem viverra aliquet eget sit amet. Dolor magna eget est lorem. Dui nunc mattis enim ut. Augue interdum velit euismod in pellentesque massa placerat duis. At consectetur lorem donec massa sapien faucibus et. Commodo ullamcorper a lacus vestibulum sed arcu non odio. Tincidunt eget nullam non nisi est. Tristique senectus et netus et. Quam lacus suspendisse faucibus interdum posuere lorem ipsum dolor.

  Works Cited Format with Heading 2

  Sed arcu non odio euismod lacinia at. Cras pulvinar mattis nunc sed blandit.

  Ante in nibh mauris cursus mattis molestie. Non arcu risus quis varius quam quisque. Hendrerit gravida rutrum quisque non tellus orci ac auctor augue. Aliquam etiam erat velit scelerisque in dictum non.

  Eleifend mi in nulla posuere sollicitudin aliquam ultrices. Auctor elit sed vulputate mi. Id aliquet risus feugiat in. Mus mauris vitae ultricies leo integer malesuada nunc vel.